Pretratamiento de la dentina como estrategia de mejora de la adhesión: una revisión de la literatura / Pretreatment of dentine as a strategy to improve adhesion: a literature review

RESUMEN El tratamiento de la dentina como paso previo al procedimiento de adhesión tiene como propósito mejorar las condiciones del sustrato mejorando la fuerza de unión entre la superficie dentaria y el material de restauración, promoviendo mayor longevidad y estabilidad de la restauración. El objetivo del estudio fue realizar una revisión de la literatura que describe las propiedades de diferentes agentes acondicionantes de la dentina. Se realizó una revisión de la literatura incluyendo trabajos publicados entre el 2014 a 2020, de bases de datos médicas como PubMeb, SciELO y ScienceDirect; en idioma inglés, español y portugués. Se seleccionaron un total de 20 artículos que cumplían los criterios de inclusión. Se ha identificado en la literatura el uso de diversos agentes pre tratamiento de la dentina, principalmente agentes químicos como el hipoclorito de sodio, clorhexidina, el ácido etilenodiaminatetraacético (EDTA), las nanopartículas metálicas y las técnicas mecánicas como la abrasión por aire con óxido de aluminio y bicarbonato de sodio.

ABSTRACT Dentin treatment as a prior step to the adhesion procedure is intended to improve the substrate condition by improving the bonding strength between the tooth surfaces and the restorative material, promoting greater longevity and stability of the restoration. The objective of the study was to carry out a review of the literature that describes the properties of different conditioning agents of dentin. A review of the literature was carried out, including works published between 2014 and 2020, from medical databases such as PubMeb, SciELO and ScienceDirect; in English, Spanish and Portuguese. A total of 20 articles that met the inclusion criteria were selected. The use of various dentin pre-treatment agents has been identified in the literature, mainly chemical agents such as sodium hypochlorite, chlorhexidine, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), metallic nanoparticles and mechanical techniques such as air abrasion. with aluminum oxide and baking soda.

Comparison of Thermal Conductivity, Flexural Strength, and Surface Hardness of Alumina Incorporated and Conventional Heat-Activated Denture Base Resins

Introduction: Commonly used polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) denture base material cannot be considered as ideal due toinferior thermal and mechanical properties.Aim: The aim of the study was to evaluate and compare the thermal conductivity, flexural strength, and surface hardness ofheat cure acrylic resin incorporated with 10 wt.% and 15 wt.% alumina and conventional denture base resin.Materials and Methods: A total of 108 specimens were prepared. Specimens were divided into three main groups. Group Aspecimens were disk shaped (50 mm × 5 mm) and used for measuring thermal conductivity. Groups B and C specimens wererectangular shaped (65 mm × 10 mm × 3 mm) and were used for measuring flexural strength and surface hardness, respectively.Each group was further divided into three subgroups (1, 2, and 3) depending on the concentration, namely, PMMA without filler(control), PMMA + 10 wt.% of Al2O3, and PMMA + 15 wt.% of Al2O3 containing 12 samples each. Thermal conductivity wasmeasured using a modified guarded hot plate apparatus. Flexural strength was assessed with a three-point bending test usinga universal testing machine. Hardness testing was conducted using a Vickers Hardness Tester. The results were analyzedusing one-way ANOVA followed by post hoc comparison by Tukey’s method.Results: Mean values of thermal conductivity were (in W/mK) 0.190, 0.231, and 0.275 for subgroups A1, A2, and A3, respectively.The mean flexural strength values were (in MPa) 56.62, 66.73, and 74.24 for subgroups B1, B2, and B3, respectively. Meanvalues of surface hardness was calculated to be (in HV) 15.17, 16.51, and 17.91 for subgroup C1, C2, and C3, respectively.There was statistically significant improvement in thermal conductivity, flexural strength, and surface hardness after incorporationof alumina and the increase was in proportion to the weight percentage of alumina filler.Conclusion: Incorporation of alumina into heat cure denture base resin significantly improved the thermal conductivity, flexuralstrength, and surface hardness.

All Ceramic Materials in Dentistry: Past, Present and Future: A Review

Fixed partial dentures (FPDs) with high-strength all-ceramicsystems are necessary for replacing missing teeth. Widerange of materials and methods are available to fabricate arestoration outside the mouth and subsequently integratewith a tooth. The traditional methods of ceramic fabricationhave been described to be time-consuming, techniquesensitive, and rather unpredictable due to the many variablespresent which affect the outcome. All-ceramic restorations,has become a segment of dentistry which has experiencedtremendous improvements in the recent years. The increasinguse of polycrystalline alumina and zirconia as frameworkmaterials and the increasing popularity and variety ofcomputer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing(CAD-CAM) systems seem to be mutually accelerating trendsover the last three decades. This article presents a review ofthe development of all-ceramic restorations, including theevolution and development of materials, technologies andhow to improve the strength of all-ceramic restorations, withrespect to survival, applications, strength, color, and aesthetics.The literature demonstrates that multiple all-ceramic materialsand systems that are currently available for clinical use andconcludes there is not a single universal material or, systemavailable to suit for all clinical situations.

Effect of aluminum oxide sandblasting, plasma application and their combination on the bond strength of resin cement to zirconia ceramics / Efeito do jateamento de óxido de alumínio, aplicação de plasma e sua combinação na resistência de união do cimento resinoso à zircônia

Objective: to evaluate the effect of aluminum oxide sandblasting (AOS), argon plasma application (APL) and their combination (AOS+APL) on the shear bond strength (SBS) of dual-cure resin cement (Panavia F 2.0, Kuraray Noritake) to two zirconia-based ceramics (Lava, 3M ESPE and Katana, Kuraray Noritake). Material and Methods: One hundred twenty zirconia plates (13 mm in length X 5 mm in width X 1 mm in thickness) were prepared and treated according to the following treatments: 1- AOS, 2- APL,3- AOS+APL and 4- no treatment (control). After treatments, resin cement cylinders (1.4 mm in diameter x 1 mm in height) bonded to zirconia surface were obtained by filling up the silicon matrix. The shear bond test was performed following storage of the samples for 24 hours and one year. Bond strength values were recorded in MPa and the data were analyzed by three-way ANOVA and Tukey post-hoc test (preset alpha of 0.05). Results: In general, AOS and AOS +APL showed the higher SBS. After one-year storage, SBS of the resin cement to the Katana zirconia did not reduce, regardless of the zirconia surface treatment. Conclusion: AOS alone was able to increase the SBS of the resin cement to both zirconia ceramics compared to control and SBS remained stable after one year depending on type of zirconia ceramic. (AU)

Objetivo: avaliar o efeito do jateamento de óxido de alumínio (AOS), aplicação de plasma de argônio (APL) e sua combinação (AOS + APL) na resistência ao cisalhamento (SBS) do cimento resinoso dual (Panavia F 2.0, Kuraray Noritake) a duas cerâmicas à base de zircônia (Lava, 3M ESPE e Katana, Kuraray Noritake). Material e Métodos: Cento e vinte placas de zircônia (13 mm de comprimento X 5 mm de largura X 1 mm de espessura) foram preparadas e tratadas de acordo com os seguintes tratamentos: 1- AOS, 2- APL, 3- AOS + APL e 4 - sem tratamento (controle). Após realizados os tratamentos, com a utilização de uma matriz de silicone (1,4 mm de diâmetro x 1 mm de altura) foram confeccionados cílindros de cimento resinoso na superfície da zircônia. O teste de cisalhamento foi realizado após o armazenamento das amostras por 24 horas e um ano. Os valores de resistência de união foram registrados em MPa e os dados foram analisados por ANOVA de três fatores e teste post-hoc de Tukey (alfa de 0,05). Resultados: Em geral, AOS e AOS + APL apresentaram a maior SBS. Após um ano de armazenamento, o SBS do cimento resinoso para a zircônia Katana não reduziu, independentemente do tratamento da superfície da zircônia. Conclusão: AOS isoladamente foi capaz de aumentar a SBS do cimento resinoso para ambas as zircônias em comparação com o controle e a SBS permaneceu estável após um ano, dependendo do tipo de zircônia. (AU)

Bond strengths of various resin cements to different ceramics

Abstract This study evaluates the shear bond strength (SBS) of various resin cements to different ceramics. Composite resin cylinders of Z100 were fabricated and cemented to disks of feldspathic ceramic (Creation), leucite-reinforced feldspathic ceramic (Empress I), and densely sintered aluminum oxide ceramic (Procera AllCeram) using five resin cements: Panavia F (PAN), RelyX ARC (ARC), RelyX Unicem (RXU), RelyX Veneer, and Variolink II. SBS was measured after three days of water storage (baseline) and after artificial aging (180 days of water storage along with 12,000 thermal cycles). Failure mode of fractured specimens also was evaluated. Data were analyzed with Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests (α=0.05). RXU showed 1) the lowest baseline median SBS to feldspathic ceramic, which was not statistically different from PAN; 2) the lowest median baseline SBS to leucite-reinforced feldspathic and densely sintered aluminum-oxide ceramics. All cements performed similarly after aging, except for ARC (median 0.0 MPa) and PAN (median 16.2 MPa) in the densely sintered aluminum-oxide ceramic group. Resin cements perform differently when bonded to different ceramic substrates. While all test resin cements worked similarly in the long-term to feldspathic and leucite-reinforced feldspathic ceramics, only the MDP-containing resin cement provided durable bonds to densely sintered aluminum-oxide ceramic.

A new approach for Y-TZP surface treatment: evaluations of roughness and bond strength to resin cemen

Abstract Objective This study aims to evaluate the effect of sonochemical treatment on the surface of yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia (Y-TZP) before and after the final sintering. Material and Methods Twenty-eight Y-TZP discs were divided into four groups (n=7), according to surface treatment: PRE: pre-sintering sonication with 30% nominal power for 15 min; POS: post-sintering sonication with 30% nominal power for 15 min; JAT: air abrasion with 50-μm alumina particles; and CON: control group with no treatment. The POS and JAT groups were sintered before sonication and the PRE group after sonication. Surface roughness was analyzed using confocal microscopy, after which resin cement cylinders were placed on the surface of the Y-TZP discs and subjected to mechanical microshear bond strength test until fracture. Surface roughness and microshear bond strength values underwent ANOVA and the Tukey tests. Results The surface roughness values for the PRE group (299.91 nm) and the POS group (291.23 nm) were not significantly different (p≥0.05), statistically, and the surface roughness value of the JAT group (925.21 nm) was higher than those of PRE and POS (p=0.007) groups. The mechanical microshear bond strength test showed that there was no statistically significant difference between the groups (p=0.08). Conclusions Therefore, the results showed that sonochemical treatment modifies the Y-TZP surface and is similar to the well-established sandblasting surface treatment regarding the strength of the bond with the resin cement.

Can 10% hydrofluoric acid be used for reconditioning of orthodontic brackets.

Context: Bracket debonding is a common problem during orthodontic treatment. This type of failure is associated to masticatory forces, poor adhesion, and the need for repositioning the piece. Aims: The objective of this work was to compare the shear bond strength of debonded brackets that were reconditioned using different protocols (alumina blasting versus hydrofluoric etching). Settings and Design: This was an in vitro experimental study with 45 stainless steel orthodontic brackets. Subjects and Methods: They were randomly divided into three groups: (1) New brackets (n = 15), (2) brackets reconditioned using 10% hydrofluoric acid for 60 s (n = 15), and (3) brackets reconditioned by aluminum oxide blasting until complete removal of the remaining resin (n = 15). In Groups 2 and 3, the insertion of composite resin proceeded in two stages to simulate a type of bracket failure in which the bonding resin was left at the bracket base. For the shear test, the assembly composed by the metallic support, and specimen was taken to the Instron universal testing machine in which the specimens were loaded using a semicircle‑shaped active tip in the region of the bonding interface parallel to the surface of the bracket at a speed of 0.5 mm/min. Statistical Analysis Used: The data were subjected to D’Agostino’s normality test to have their distribution checked. Analysis of variance and Tukey’s test (P < 0.01) were used to compare the findings between groups. Results: The results indicated that Group 1 (new brackets) showed higher bond strength than that obtained for the group treated with hydrofluoric acid (Group 2, P < 0.01). The bond strength value obtained for the group treated with alumina blasting (Group 3) was statistically similar to those obtained for Groups 1 and 2. Conclusions: The aluminum oxide blasting technique was effective for the reconditioning of orthodontic brackets. Nevertheless, the reconditioning technique using 10% fluoridric acid for 60 s was not efficient for clinical use.

An Off-line Solid Phase Extraction Combined with Large Volume Injection-Gas Chromatography-Flame Ionization Detection Method for Determination of Mineral Oil Saturated Hydrocarbons in Camellia Seed Oils / 分析化学

An alternative method based on an off-line solid phase extraction ( SPE ) combined with programmable temperature vaporizer-based ( PTV) large volume injection-gas chromatography-flame ionization detection ( LVI-GC-FID ) was developed. The goal of this study was to determine mineral oil saturated hydrocarbons ( MOSH ) in camellia seed oils. The purification condition of SPE columns with silver impregnated the activated silica gel and activated aluminum oxide was optimized. The optimal SPE cartridge was loaded with 10 g of Ag-activated silica gel per 10 g of activated aluminum oxide. The PTV initial temperature was set at 75℃ for 1 min (split 200:1), and heated from 75℃ to 370℃ at 250℃/min. Then the diverter valve was closed for 1 min and opened again with the split flow ratio changing to 50:1 . The injection volume was 40μL. The calibration curve of paraffin oil was liner in the range of 5-500 mg/kg with correlation coefficient of 0. 998. The detection limit (LOD) and the quantification limit (LOQ) of paraffin oils in hexane were 0. 26 mg/kg and 0. 80 mg/kg, respectively. The recoveries from spiked oil samples were between 93 . 3% and 112 . 7%, with relative standard deviation ( RSD ) of 1 . 8%-5 . 2%, the RSD of intra-day and inter-day were less than 2 . 6% . This procedure was applied to analyze the MOSH in 11 commercial camellia seed oils and the contamination was found to range from 6. 8 mg/kg to 76. 7 mg/kg. The method is simple in operation with high sensitivity, good reproducibility and low cost, and suitable for determination of MOSH in vegetable oils.

Influência do óxido de alumínio na colagem dos bráquetes linguais / The influence of the aluminun oxide on lingual brackets bonding

A descolagem acidental do bráquete é uma severa complicação no decorrer do tratamento ortodôntico, especialmente quando o tratamento é feito com bráquetes linguais. A força de adesão entre o bráquete e o dente é um importante requisito para o sucesso da Ortodontia Lingual na prática diária do consultório. O presente estudo analisou a influência do jateamento do óxido de alumínio na superfície lingual dos dentes antes do condicionamento do esmalte na colagem indireta do aparelho lingual. A força de cisalhamento foi medida 24 horas após a colagem dos bráquetes. Os dentes foram divididos em quatro grupos: G1 - 10 pré-molares com bráquetes da marca American Orthodontics com condicionamento de ácido ortofosfórico a 37%; G2 - 10 pré-molares com bráquetes da marca American Orthodontics com aplicação do jato de óxido de alumínio e ácido ortofosfórico a 37% no esmalte; G3 - 10 pré-molares com bráquetes da marca Ormco com condicionamento de ácido ortofosfórico a 37% e G4 - 10 pré-molares com bráquetes da marca Ormco com aplicação do jato de óxido de alumínio e ácido ortofosfórico a 37% no esmalte. Avaliou-se a resistência ao cisalhamento e observou-se que não ocorreu diferença estatisticamente significante entre os grupos quanto aos diferentes modos de preparo de esmalte. Com relação às marcas comerciais, os bráquetes da American Orthodontics apresentaram resistência à descolagem maior do que os bráquetes da marca Ormco. Concluindo, a resistência à descolagem dos bráquetes não foi aumentada com a aplicação prévia do jato de óxido de alumínio no esmalte hígido, nas duas marcas comerciais de bráquetes.

Accidental bracket debonding is a severe complication throughout orthodontic treatment, especially when using lingual brackets. The bond strength between the bracket and the tooth is an important requirement for the success of Lingual Orthodontics. This study has analyzed the influence of aluminum oxide blasting on the lingual surface of the teeth, before conditioning of the enamel, over indirect bonding of the lingual brace. Shear strength was measured 24 hours after brackets bonding. Teeth were divided into four groups: G1 - 10 premolar teeth with American Orthodontics brackets and 37% orthophosphoric acid conditioning; G2 - 10 premolar teeth with American Orthodontics brackets and application of aluminum oxide and 37% orthophosphoric acid blasting on the enamel; G3 - 10 premolar teeth with Ormco brackets and 37% orthophosphoric acid conditioning; G4 - 10 premolar teeth with Ormco brackets, application of aluminum oxide and 37% orthophosphoric acid blasting on the enamel. When evaluating the shear resistance through mechanical assay, it was not observed statistically significant difference between the groups regarding different enamel preparation modes. Concerning the different commercial brands, the American Orthodontics brackets showed higher debonding resistance than the Ormco brackets. It was concluded that, for both brands of brackets, the resistance to bracket debonding did not increase with the previous application of aluminum oxide blasting on the ename.

Influence of sandblasting distance on enamel and ceramic structure bond strength / Influência do jateamento na estrutura cerâmica e esmalte, alterando a distância na resistência de união

Objetive: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of sandblasting distance on ceramic and enamelbond strength. Material & Methods: Sixtythird molars were selected, enamel surfaces were ground flat with wet 600 - 2000 grit aluminum oxide abrasive papers and polished with three, one, and one-fourth micrometer-grit diamond pastes. On hundred and twentylithium disilicate-based core ceramic discs (2 mm diameter; 1 mm thickness) were also obtained and further divided into 7 groups [Group C, no sandblasting, Group SB-E(5-10) enamel sandblasting - 5 and 10 mm of distance, Group SBC(5-10) ceramic sandblasting 5 mm and 10 mm of distance, Group SB-EC(5-10) enamel and ceramic sandblasting 5 mm and 10 mm of distance]. After treatments,shear and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) tests were performed.Data were analyzed by Statistic Tests of normality, one-way ANOVA and Tukey post-test (α: 0.05). Results: Group C presented the highestbond strength values(59.2 ±12.5), while group SB-E 5 mm showed the lowest values (21.7 ± 08.8) (p < 0.005). Conclusion: The use of sandblasting treatment of enamel surface at 5mm distance decreases the bonding strength to shear.

Objetivo: o objetivo do estudo foi avaliar influência do jateamento na estrutura cerâmica e esmalte sob resistência de união, mudando a distância. Materiais e Métodos: 60 terceiros molares, foram selecionados, superfícies de esmalte foram planificadas com lixa com grão 600 - 2000 lixas e polido com pastas de diamante de um grão -micrômetro. Obtidos 120 discos cerâmica em dissilicato de lítio de (2 mm de diâmetro e 1 mm de espessura), dividido em sete grupos [Grupo C, não jateamento, Grupo SB-E (5-10) esmalte jateamento 5 e 10 mm, Grupo SB -C (5-10) de jacto de areia cerâmica 5 mm e 10 mm, Grupo SB-CE (5-10) e esmalte cerâmico areação 5 milímetros e 10 mm], depois foi realizado o microcisalhamento e a microscopia de forca atômica (AFM), estatística como Teste de Normalidade , após análise de variância one-way e teste de Tukey (α: 0,05). Resultados: A força do grupo C apresentou maiores valores de resistência de união (59,2 ± 12,5), o grupo SB-E 5 mm (21,7 ± 08,8) (p < 0,005), o grupo SB-E10 (53,6 ± 14,3). Conclusão: o uso de jateamento tratamento da superfície do esmalte de 5 mm, de 20 s diminui a força de ligação de microcisalhamento.

Efeito da partícula e do momento de jateamento na caracterização superficial da zircônia e na resistência de união com cimento resinoso / Effect of particle and the air abrasion moment on surface characterization of zirconia and bond strength with resin cement

Apesar das restaurações em cerâmicas Y-TZP (Yttria tetragonal zirconia polycrystal) estarem sendo cada vez mais utilizadas na prática clínica devido às suas excelentes propriedades, tratamentos de superfície ainda são necessários para a melhoria de sua adesão com cimentos resinosos. Este estudo avaliou a influência da partícula e do momento do jateamento na caracterização superficial de uma cerâmica Y-TZP e na sua resistência de união com cimento resinoso. Espécimes de zircônia foram submetidos aos seguintes tratamentos com jateamento: partículas de Al2O3 de 50 µm; partículas de Al2O3 de 120 µm; partículas de Al2O3 de 30 µm modificadas por sílica (Rocatec Soft); e partículas de Al2O3 de 110 µm modificadas por sílica (Rocatec Plus). O jateamento foi realizado em três momentos diferentes: após a sinterização da zircônia (PÓS) (grupo controle); antes da sinterização da zircônia (PRÉ); e antes/após a sinterização (PP). A caracterização da superfície da zircônia incluindo rugosidade superficial (n=10), molhamento (n=10), microscopia eletrônica de varredura (n=2) e composição elementar (n=2) foi realizada. O teste de resistência de união ao cisalhamento (RC) (n=11) foi conduzido após a termociclagem dos espécimes (10000 ciclos - 5°C e 55°C). O modo de fratura foi analisado através de um estereomicroscópio (x 20). Rugosidade, molhamento e RC foram analisados através da ANOVA dois fatores e o teste de Tukey (α=,05). Nos grupos PRÉ e PP, a rugosidade aumentou de acordo com o tamanho da partícula. Independentemente da partícula, o grupo PÓS apresentou os menores valores de rugosidade, enquanto os grupos PRÉ e PP não apresentaram diferença significativa entre eles. De uma maneira geral, as partículas de Al2O3 de 120 µm e Rocatec Plus apresentaram os maiores e menores ângulos de contato. Com relação à partícula, os grupos PRÉ e PP exibiram o maior e o menor ângulo de contato o, enquanto o grupo controle (PÓS) apresentou uma posição intermediária. A partícula e o momento do jateamento não promoveram padrões morfológicos uniformes. A presença adicional do elemento Si nos grupos Rocatec Soft e Plus foi a única diferença observada entre esses grupos em relação aos grupos com partículas de Al2O3. No grupo PRÉ, os maiores e menores valores de RC foram obtidos por Al2O3 de120 µm e Rocatec Soft. Nos grupos PP e PÓS, o maior RC foi observado quando o jateamento foi realizado com partículas de Al2O3 modificadas por sílica. Não houve diferença significativa na RC entre os grupos PÓS e PP. Todos os grupos exibiram 100% de falha adesiva. A partícula teve maior influência na rugosidade, quando o jateamento foi realizado antes da sinterização da zircônia, mostrando um maior potencial para a deformação da superfície. Quando o jateamento é realizado após a sinterização (grupos PP e PÓS), as partículas de Al2O3 modificadas por sílica promoveram maior molhamento e valores de RC

Despite Y-TZP (yttria tetragonal zirconia polycrystal) ceramic restorations became widely used in clinical practice due to its excellent properties, surface treatments are required for the improvement of the adhesion with resin cements. This study evaluated the influence of the particle and air abrasion moment on the surface characterization of a Y-TZP ceramic and its bond strength with a resin cement. Zirconia specimens were air-abraded with the following particles: 50 µm Al2O3 particles; 120 µm Al2O3 particles; 30 µm silica-coated Al2O3 particles (Rocatec Soft); and 110 µm silica-coated Al2O3 particles (Rocatec Plus). Air-abrasion was performed in 3 different moments: after zirconia sintering (AS)(control group); before zirconia sintering (BS); before and after zirconia sintering (BAS). The zirconia surface characterization including roughness (n=10), wettability (n=10), morphology (n=2) and elemental composition (n=2) was performed. The SBS test (n=11) was conducted after thermal cycling (10,000 cycles - 5ºC and 55ºC). Failure mode was determined with a stereomicroscope (×20). Roughness, wettability and SBS data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (α=.05). For BS and BAS, the roughness increased according to the increase in the particle size. AS showed the lowest roughness, while BS and BAS did not exhibit significant difference each other. In general, Rocatec Plus and 120 µm Al2O3 particles provided the lowest and the highest contact angle. BS and BAS exhibited the highest and the lowest contact angle. The particle as well as the air-abrasion moment did not promote regular morphological patterns. The additional presence of the Si element in the groups abraded with silica-modified Al2O3 particles was the only difference observed between these groups and those abraded with Al2O3 particles. For BS, the highest and the lowest SBS was provided by 120 µm Al2O3 particles and Rocatec Soft. For BAS and AS, the highest SBS was achieved with the silica-modified Al2O3 particles. There was no significant difference in SBS between the AS and BAS groups. All groups exhibited 100% adhesive failures. The particle influenced more the roughness when air-abrasion was performed before sintering, having a greater potential to imprint the zirconia surface. When air-abrasion happens after sintering (BAS and AS), silica-modified Al2O3 particles provided higher wettability and SBS values

Comparación de la resistencia de tres sistemas cerámicos en tramos protésicos fijos anteriores: análisis por elementos finitos / Comparison of the resistance of three ceramic systems in anterior fixed prosthetic segments: a finite element analysis

Introducción: el propósito de este estudio fue evaluar mediante el método de elementos finitos, la distribución de los esfuerzos en prótesis parcial fija (PPF) de tres unidades en la zona anterior, elaborados en tres sistemas cerámicos con diferentes variaciones en los conectores. Métodos: se modelaron cuatro tramos de PPF; tres de estos representaron los sistemas cerámicos: disilicato de litio, alúmina y circona y un cuarto modelo de disilicato de litio con un conector de 9 mm2 de área. Las variables incluidas en el modelado fueron el módulo de elasticidad, la razón de Poisson y el último esfuerzo tensil. Se aplicó una carga inicial de 200 N hasta los 1000 N y fueron calculados los esfuerzos de von Mises, máximos tensiles, compresivos y cortantes. Resultados y conclusiones: todos los sistemas cerámicos presentaron un adecuado comportamiento para la elaboración de PPF en el sector anterior; el módulo elástico de la estructura influye en el comportamiento de los esfuerzos, al ser mayor, se genera disminución de los esfuerzos en la cerámica feldespática y el ligamento periodontal. Se evidenció que al tener un área de 16 mm2 en el conector, el ligamento periodontal recibió mayores esfuerzos como efecto de compensación, pero en la estructura se disminuyeron de forma significativa. Al reducir el área de los conectores a 9 mm2 se incrementaron los esfuerzos en 48%, pero no se alcanzó el límite de fluencia al someterlo a cargas de 1000 N, brindándole al sistema el adecuado margen de tolerancia sin fracturarse.

Introduction: the purpose of this study was to evaluate stress distribution on three-unit fixed partial dentures (FPD) in the anterior region, made of three ceramic systems with connector variations. The study was performed by the finite element method. Methods: four segments of FPD were modeled; three of them were made on ceramic systems: lithium disilicate, alumina, and zirconia, and the fourth model was of lithium disilicate with a connector of 9 mm2 in area. The modeling included three variables: elastic modulus, Poisson’s ratio, and ultimate tensile strength. An initial load of 200 N was applied and increased up to 1000 N calculating von Mises, maximum tensile, compressive, and shear stresses. Results and conclusions: all the ceramic systems showed a suitable behavior for FPDs in the anterior area; the structure’s elastic modulus influences stress behavior; if it is higher, it reduces stresses in feldspar ceramics and periodontal ligament. We noted that in presence of a connector of 16 mm2 in area, the periodontal ligament received greater stresses as a compensation effect, but they significantly decreased in the structure. By reducing the connector area to 9 mm2, the stresses increased to 48%, but did not reach yield strength when subjected to loads of 1000 N, providing the system with proper margin tolerance without fracturing.

Functional and radiographic evaluation and quality of life analysis after cementless total hip arthroplasty with ceramic bearings: minimum of 5 years follow-up / Avaliação funcional, radiográfica e da qualidade de vida após artroplastia total de quadril não cimentada com superfície cerâmica-cerâmica: seguimento mínimo de cinco anos de evolução

Objective: The aim of the study is to analyze and correlate functional and radiographic results and quality of life in patients undergoing cementless total hip arthroplasty with ceramic surface, performed at Hospital Servidor Publico de Sao Paulo from 2001 to 2006. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 35 hips treated with cementless total hip arthroplasty with ceramic surfaces with a minimum follow-up of 5 years. Functional evaluation was based on the Harris Hip Score (HHS). Radiographic evaluation was based on the method proposed by Charles Engh for evaluation of femoral osseointegration and on DeLee and Charnley zones for acetabulum. Quality of life was assessed by SF-36 questionnaire. Results: The HHS presented excellent and good results in 91% of patients postoperatively (mean of 93.14 points HHS). As for radiographic evaluation, we found excellent results in 100% of evaluated hips (proven osseointegration). SF-36 scores were not compared to the control group for the following components: pain, vitality, mental health and social aspects. The difference between HHS pre and postoperatively had a statistically significant correlation with physical functioning of the SF-36. Conclusion: Total hip arthroplasty with ceramic surface is a treatment that enables functional improvement of the hip and increases quality of life of patients to levels close to those of people without joint diseases. .

Objetivo: Analisar e correlacionar os resultados funcionais e radiográficoseograude qualidade de vida em pacientes submetidos a artroplastia total de quadril não cimentada com superfície em cerâmica feita no Hospital Servidor Público Estadual de 2001 a 2006. Métodos: Fizemos um estudo retrospectivo que analisou 35 quadris tratados com artroplastia total do quadril não cimentada com superfície em cerâmica, com tempo de seguimento mínimo de cinco anos. A avaliação funcional baseou-se no questionário de Harris Hip Score (HHS), a avaliação radiográfica baseou-se no método proposto por Charles Engh para o fêmur e sinaisde integração óssea nas zonasde DeLee eCharnley parao acetábulo ea avaliação da qualidade vida baseou-se no questionário SF-36 (Medical Outcomes 36 Item Short-Form Health Survey). Resultados: O questionário HHS apresentou resultados considerados como excelentes e bons em 91% dos pacientes no pós-operatório (média de 93,14 pontos HHS). Quanto à avaliação radiográfica, em 100% dos quadris operados tivemos osteointegração óssea comprovada. Os escores do SF-36 não foram estatisticamente significantes em relação ao grupo controle para os seguintes componentes: dor, vitalidade, aspectos sociais e saúde mental. A variação entre o HHS pré e pós-operatório se correlaciona com a capacidade funcional no SF-36. Conclusão: A artroplastia total com superfície de cerâmica é uma operação que possibilita a melhoria funcional do quadril e o aumento da qualidade de vida do paciente para níveis próximos aos da população sem doenças da articulação. .

Influência do tratamento de superfície nas características e propriedades de zircônia e na resistência de união com a porcelana de cobertura / Influence of surface treatment on the characteristics and properties of the zirconia and its bond strength with the veneering ceramic

O objetivo deste trabalho, dividido em três estudos, foi avaliar: (1) a influência do tratamento de superfície na resistência de união da zircônia com a porcelana de cobertura; (2) a resistência à flexão e as características morfológicas e estruturais das infraestruturas em zircônia após diferentes tratamentos de superfície e (3) o efeito do laser nas características da zircônia e na sua resistência de união com a porcelana de cobertura. No primeiro e segundo estudos, para os testes de resistência de união ao cisalhamento e resistência à flexão um total de 70 e 210 corpos-de-prova, respectivamente, de infraestrutura de zircônia foram obtidos e divididos aleatoriamente em 7 grupos experimentais C (Controle), JAS (Jateamento Antes Sinterização), JAAS (Jateamento Antes e Após Sinterização), JPS (Jateamento Pós Sinterização), RAS (Rocatec Antes Sinterização), RAAS (Rocatec Antes e Após Sinterização), e RPS (Rocatec Pós Sinterização). Os dados obtidos para a resistência de união ao cisalhamento mostrou uma diferença estatística significativa entre os grupos com tratamentos de superfície feitos antes e antes e após a sinterização com os grupos em que foram feitos apenas após a sinterização (p<0,001). Uma diferença significativa também foi observada entre o grupo controle e os grupos JAS, JAAS, RAS e RAAS (p<0,001), e não foi observada diferença estatística entre o grupo C e os grupos JPS e RPS (p=0,615). Os dados de resistência à flexão mostrou uma diferença estatística significativa entre os grupos com tratamentos de superfície feitos antes e antes e após a sinterização com os grupos em que foram feitos apenas após a sinterização, com exceção do grupo RAAS (p<0,001). Uma diferença significativa foi também observada entre o grupo controle e os grupos JAS, JAAS e RAS (p<0,001), e não foi observada diferença estatística entre o grupo C e os grupos JPS, RPS e RAAS. No terceiro estudo, para o teste de resistência de união ao cisalhamento um total de 60 corpos-de-prova de infraestrutura de zircônia foram obtidos e divididos aleatoriamente em 6 grupos experimentais C, LAS (Laser Antes Sinterização), LAAS (Laser Antes e Após Sinterização), LPS (Laser Pós Sinterização), JPS e RPS. ANOVA não mostrou diferença estatística significativa entre os grupos com tratamentos de superfície feitos com laser antes e antes e após a sinterização com os grupos em que foram feitos apenas após a sinterização (p>0,001). Uma diferença significativa foi observada entre o grupo LAAS e os grupos controle, JPS e RPS (p<0,001), e não foi observada diferença estatística entre o grupo C e os grupos JPS e RPS. Desta maneira, baseados nos resultados apresentados nos três estudos, pode-se concluir que tratamentos de superfícies como o jateamento com partículas de óxido de alumínio e a deposição triboquímica de sílica (Rocatec) realizados antes ou antes e após a sinterização devem ser evitados por promoverem a diminuição dos valores de resistência à flexão e união, além de formarem um superfície irregular e com defeitos na zircônia. E o uso do laser de Er: YAG pode representar um método eficaz para o tratamento de superfície da zircônia, aumentando a retenção micromecânica e melhorando a resistência de união da porcelana de cobertura a zircônia

The aim of this work, divided into three studies, was evaluate: (1) the influence surface treatment on the bond strength of zirconia with the veneering ceramic, (2) the flexural strength and structural and morphological characteristics of the infrastructure on zirconia after different surface treatments, and (3) the laser effect on the characteristics of zirconia and its bond strength with veneering ceramic. In the first and the second studies, for testing shear bond strength and flexural strength a total of 70 and 210 specimens, respectively, infrastructure zirconia were obtained and randomly divided into 7 experimental groups: C (Control), JBS (Sandblasting Before Sintering), JBAS (Sandblasting Before and After Sintering), JAS (Sandblasting After Sintering), RBS (Rocatec Before Sintering), RBAS (Rocatec Before and After Sintering) e RAS (Rocatec After Sintering). The data obtained for shear bond strength showed a statistically significant difference between groups with surface treatments performed before and after sintering and prior to the groups which were made only after sintering (p<0.001). A significant difference was also observed between the control group and groups JBS, JBAS, RBS and RBAS (p <0.001), and no statistical difference were observed between group C and groups JAS and RAS (p=0.615). The flexural strength data showed a statistically significant difference between groups with surface treatments done before and before and after sintering with the groups they were made only after sintering, with the exception of the RBAS group (p<0.001). A significant difference was also observed between the control group and groups JBS, JBAS and RBS (p <0.001), and no statistical difference were observed between group C and groups JAS, RAS and RBAS. In the third study, for testing shear bond strength a total of 60 specimens infrastructure zirconia were obtained and randomly divided into 6 experimental groups: C (Control), LBS (Laser Before Sintering), LBAS (Laser Before and After Sintering), LAS (Laser After Sintering), JAS and RAS. ANOVA showed no statistically significant difference between groups with surface treatments made with laser before and before and after sintering with the groups they were made only after sintering (p>0.001). A significant difference was observed between the LBAS group and control groups, JAS and RAS (p<0.001), and no statistical difference was observed between group C and groups JAS and RAS. Thus, based on the results presented in the three studies, concluded that surface treatments such as sandblasting with particles of aluminum oxide and silica deposition (Rocatec) performed before or before and after sintering should be avoided for promoting the decrease of the flexural and bon strength as well as form a surface with irregular and defects on zirconia. The use of Er: YAG can represent an efficient method for the surface treatment of zirconia, micromechanical increasing retention and improving the bond strength of the zirconia and vennering ceramic

Advance in preparation of magnetic nanowires and its application in biosensors / 国际生物医学工程杂志

Magnetic nanowires not only have nanometer properties, but also have magnetic property of giant magnetoresistance. Recently, nanowires were applied widely in high density hard disk slider, super magnetic storage element, micro-sensors, micro-engine, biomedical engineering, etc. This artical reviews the current preparation method of nanowires, the template synthesis, including several general templates such as track-etched porous polycarbonate membrane, porous anodic aluminum oxide membrane and carbon nanotubes, as well asgrowth patterns of nanowires in the templates. The applications of nanowires in several biosensors are introduced.The applications will greatly improve current ways of sensor detection, which will open up new areas of the field of biosensor study.

Influência de Protocolos de Jateamento na Rugosidade da Superfície de uma Cerâmica de Zircônia Tetragonal Parcialmente Estabilizada por Ítria / Influence of Air Abrasion Protocols on the Surface Roughness of an Yttria Partially Stabilized Tetragonal Zirconia Ceramic

Objetivo: Avaliar a influência de diferentes protocolos de jateamento na rugosidade superficial de uma cerâmica policristalina de zircônia tetragonal estabilizada com ítria(Y-TZP), assim como a topografia superficial da cerâmica após o tratamento.Método: A partir de dois blocos cerâmicos (LAVA, 3M ESPE), obtiveramse 54 espécimes (7,5x4x7,5mm), sendo estes regularizados com lixas dÆágua em granulação fina e sinterizados em forno específico do sistema cerâmico. Em seguida, os corpos de prova foram incluídos em resina acrílica e as superfícies a serem tratadas foram lixadas em politriz com lixas dÆágua em granulação decrescente (600 a 1.200), associadas a pastas de polimento de 10µm, 3µm e sílica coloidal em disco de feltro, sendo distribuídas aleatoriamente em 9 grupos, de acordo com os fatores ôpartículaõ e ôpressãoõ(n=6): Gr1- controle; Gr2-Al2O3(50µm)/2,5bar; Gr3- Al2O3(110µm)/2,5 bar; Gr4-SiO2(30µm)/2,5bar; Gr5- SiO2(30µm)/2,5bar; Gr6- Al2O3(50µm)/3,5bar; Gr7- Al2O3(110µm)/3,5bar; Gr8- SiO2(30µm)/3,5bar; Gr9-SiO2(30µm)/3,5bar. Após os tratamentos, a rugosidade das superfícies foi analisada por meio de um perfilômetro óptico digital e a morfologia, por meio de Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV). Os dados (µm) obtidos foram submetidos à análise estatística por meio do teste de Dunnett (5%), ANOVA (2 fatores) e teste de Tukey (5%).Resultados: O tipo de partícula (p=0,0001) e a pressão (p=0,0001) utilizada no jateamento influenciaram os valores de rugosidade entre os grupos experimentais (ANOVA).

Os valores médios de rugosidade (µm) obtidos para os grupos experimentais (Gr2 a Gr9) foram, respectivamente: 0,37D; 0,56BC; 0,46BC; 0,48CD; 0,59BC; 0,82A; 0,53BCD; 0,67AB. A análise em MEV revelou que o Al2O3, independente do tamanho das partículas e da pressão utilizada, danificou a superfície dos espécimes, uma vez que foram observados danos superficiais na cerâmica, na forma de ranhuras e de lascamentos.Conclusão: O jateamento com Al2O3(110µm)/3,5bar foi o tratamento que promoveu a maior rugosidade nas superfícies cerâmicas, embora não signifique que este protocolo promova melhor união cerâmicacimento em relação aos demais tipos de jateamento

Objective: To evaluate the influence of different air abrasion protocols on the surface roughness of an yttria-stabilized polycrystalline tetragonal zirconia) (Y-TZP) ceramic, as well as the surface topography of the ceramic after the treatment. Method: Fifty-four specimens (7.5x4x7.5mm) obtained from two ceramic blocks (LAVA, 3M ESPE) were flattened with fine-grit sandpaper and subjected to sintering in the ceramic systemÆs specific firing oven. Next, the specimens were embedded in acrylic resin and the surfaces to be treated were polished in a polishing machine using sandpapers of decreasing abrasion (600- to 1,200-grit) followed by felt discs with 10µm and 3µm polishing pastes and colloidal silica. The specimens were then randomly assigned to 9 groups, according to factors ôparticleõ and ôpressureõ(n=6): Gr1- control; Gr2-Al2O3(50µm)/2.5 bar; Gr3- Al2O3(110µm)/2.5 bar; Gr4- SiO2(30µm)/2.5 bar; Gr5- SiO2(30µm)/2.5 bar; Gr6- Al2O3(50µm)/3.5 bar; Gr7-Al2O3(110µm)/3.5 bar; Gr8- SiO2(30µm)/3.5 bar; Gr9- SiO2(30µm)/3.5 bar. After treatments, surface roughness was analyzed by a digital optical profilometer and the morphology was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Data (µm) were subjected to statistical analysis by DunnettÆs test (5%), two-way ANOVA and TukeyÆs test (5%).Results: The type of particle (p=0.0001) and the pressure (p=0.0001) used in the air abrasion protocols influenced the surface roughness values among the experimental groups (ANOVA).

The mean surface roughness values (µm) obtained for the experimental groups (Gr2 to Gr9) were, respectively: 0.37D; 0.56BC; 0.46BC; 0.48CD; 0.59BC; 0.82A; 0.53BCD; 0.67AB. The SEM analysis revealed that Al2O3, regardless of the particle size and pressure used, caused damage to the surface of the specimens, as it produced superficial damages on the ceramic, in the form of grooves and cracks. Conclusion: Al2O3 (110 µm/3.5 bar) air abrasion promoted the highest surface roughness on the ceramics, but it does not mean that this protocol promotes better ceramic-cement union compared to the other air abrasion protocols

Effectiveness of intraoral suction systems and aspirating tips for evacuation of aluminum oxide particles during use of air-abrasion

Aim: The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of a high-volume evacuation and a conventional intraoral suction system and aspirating tips for capturing aluminum oxide particles during use of an air-abrasion device. Methods: A phantom head was fixed at the dental chair head with secured a metallic device with 5 horizontal shafts, corresponding to operator’s clock related working positions, and one vertical shaft to simulate the operator’s nasal cavity. Petri plates were fixed to the shafts at distances of 20, 40 and 60 cm from the center of the oral cavity of the phantom head to collect the aluminum oxide particles spread over during air abrasion. The dust was aspirated with two types of suction tips used with both suction systems: a conventional saliva ejector and a saliva ejector customized by the adaptation of a 55-mm-diameter funnel. Results: The amount of particles showed that the greatest abrasive particle deposition occurred at a distance of 20 cm from the center of the oral cavity of the phantom head at 9 o’clock operatory position with the conventional saliva ejector attached to high-volume evacuation system. Conclusions: The greatest deposition of aluminum oxide particles occurred at the shortest distance between the operator and the center of the oral cavity, while using the high-volume evacuation system associated to the conventional suction tip.

CAD/CAM Zirconia vs. slip-cast glass-infiltrated Alumina/Zirconia all-ceramic crowns: 2-year results of a randomized controlled clinical trial

The aim of this randomized controlled clinical trial was to compare the early clinical outcome of slip-cast glass-infiltrated Alumina/Zirconia and CAD/CAM Zirconia all-ceramic crowns. A total of 30 InCeram® Zirconia and Cercon® Zirconia crowns were fabricated and cemented with a glass ionomer cement in 20 patients. At baseline, 6-month, 1-year, and 2-year recall appointments, Californian Dental Association (CDA) quality evaluation system was used to evaluate the prosthetic replacements, and plaque and gingival index scores were used to explore the periodontal outcome of the treatments. No clinical sign of marginal discoloration, persistent pain and secondary caries was detected in any of the restorations. All InCeram® Zirconia crowns survived during the 2-year period, although one nonvital tooth experienced root fracture coupled with the fracture of the veneering porcelain of the restoration. One Cercon® Zirconia restoration fractured and was replaced. According to the CDA criteria, marginal integrity was rated excellent for InCeram® Zirconia (73 percent) and Cercon® Zirconia (80 percent) restorations, respectively. Slight color mismatch rate was higher for InCeram® Zirconia restorations (66 percent) than Cercon® Zirconia (26 percent) restorations. Plaque and gingival index scores were mostly zero and almost constant over time. Time-dependent changes in plaque and gingival index scores within and between groups were statistically similar (p>0.05). This clinical study demonstrates that single-tooth InCeram® Zirconia and Cercon® Zirconia crowns have comparable early clinical outcome, both seem as acceptable treatment modalities, and most importantly, all-ceramic alumina crowns strengthened by 25 percent zirconia can sufficiently withstand functional load in the posterior zone.

The effect of repeated bracket recycling on the shear bond strength of different orthodontic adhesives

Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of two consecutive recycling procedures on the shear bond strength of different orthodontic adhesives. Methods: Edgewise brackets were bonded to the buccal surfaces of 40 bovine incisors using the following bonding materials: Concise (group I), Transbond XT (group II), Smart Bond (group III) and Fuji Ortho (group IV). The teeth were stored in water at 37°C for 24 h, thermocycled between 5 and 55°C, and debonded using an Instron machine at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min. In all groups, the bonded brackets were detached and rebonded after recycling by 50-µm particle aluminum oxide blasting. After the second recording of retentive strengths, the recycling procedure, the rebonding and the shear bond strength test were repeated. Data were analyzed statistically by ANOVA and Tukey’s test at 5% significance level. Results: The results showed that repeated recycling did not interfere in retention of brackets, regardless of the adhesive used. The highest shear bond strength values were obtained after bonding with Transbond XT, independent of the recycling procedure. Conclusion: Repeated bracket recycling using 50-µm aluminum oxide particle air abrasion did not affect the shear bond strength of metallic brackets bonded with different orthodontic adhesives.

Comparación del esfuerzo a la tracción de brackets arenados mediante óxido de aluminio nuevo y reciclado con y sin ultrasonido estudio in vitro / Comparison of tensile stress in brackets sandblasted by aluminum oxide and recycled again and without ultrasound in vitro study

El fracaso en la adhesión de brackets es algo que ocurre frecuentemente y requiere el uso de un aditamento nuevo. Con la introducción del arenado, se pretende reutilizarlos sometiéndolos a un proceso de limpieza mejorando así la adhesión. El objetivo del estudio es comparar el esfuerzo a la tracción de brackets arenados mediante óxido de aluminio nuevo y reciclado con y sin ultrasonido. Se incluyeron 80 primeros y segundos premolares humanos dividido aleatoriamente en 5 grupos de 16 premolares: (C) brackets nuevos, (AN) brackets arenados con óxido de aluminio nuevo, (AN+U) arenado con óxido de aluminio nuevo más ultrasonido, (AR) arenado reciclado y (AR+U) arenado reciclado más ultrasonido. La adhesión se realizó con el mismo tipo de brackets y resina; el esfuerzo a la tracción se realizó mediante máquina Instrom. Se evidenció que los brackets AN aumentaron el esfuerzo a la tracción y esta se incrementó con el baño ultrasónico. Los brackets AR disminuyeron su esfuerzo a la tracción considerablemente, pero con ultrasonido mostraron valores cercanos al grupo C. La prueba t-student demostró que los grupos C vs. AN, AN vs. AN+U, y C vs. AR+U no tuvieron diferencias significativas. En cambio los grupos C vs. AN+U, C vs. AR, AN vs. AR, AN vs. AR+U, AN+U vs. AR+U mostraron diferencias significativas (p<0.05). Bajo las condiciones de este estudio se concluye que la mejor técnica de preparación de la base, es utilizando baño ultrasónico con etanol al 100 por ciento durante 5 minutos después de ser arenados con óxido de aluminio nuevo

Faults in the adhesion of brackets occur frequently and generally the use of a new bracket is required. With the introduction of the sanded technique it has been demonstrated that the brackets can be reused by subjecting them to a cleaning process, thereby improving adhesion. The objective of the study is comparer the tensile strength to the brackets sanded by means of new and recycled aluminum oxide, both with and without ultrasound. The assessment of tensile strength of the new and recycled base of brackets subjected to a sanding process of with new and recycled aluminum oxide in Instrom universal test machine of 80 first and second human premolars, divided in 5 groups of 16-piece: (C) used new brackets,  (AN) used new aluminum oxide  sanded brackets,  (AN+U) new aluminum oxide sanded plus ultrasound, (AR) recycled sanded, and (AR+U) recycled sanded plus ultrasound. The same type of brackets and adhesion system were used in all groups. It was demonstrated that the brackets AN increased the tensile strength and it increases even more when putting the attachments to an ultrasonic bath.  In the case of AR, their tensile strength diminished considerably, but when put under the ultrasonic bath, values were very close to those of the control group.  The t-student test, it was found that groups C vs. AN, AN vs. AN+U, and C vs. AR+U did not have significant statistical differences.  However, in groups C vs. AN+U, C vs. AR, AN vs. AR, AN vs. AR+U, AN+U vs. AR+U statistically significant differences were found. The tensile strength analysis allow concluding that the best preparation of the base technique is to use a bath in an ultrasound device with 100 percent ethylic alcohol for 5 minutes after being sanded with new aluminum oxide